能谱CT鉴别诊断腮腺良恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨能谱CT多参数成像技术对临床常见的腮腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集经手术病理证实的62例腮腺肿瘤患者,其中良性肿瘤50例,恶性肿瘤12例,所有患者术前均接受颈部能谱CT扫描。采用GSI Viewer软件获取病变组织碘浓度值、能谱曲线斜率、有效原子序数。应用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行统计学处理。绘制ROC曲线,得出最佳诊断阈值及诊断的敏感度和特异度。结果 平扫期碘浓度、曲线斜率、有效原子序数的中位数(上、下四分位数),腮腺良性肿瘤分别为-1.41×100 μg/ml(-2.25×100 μg/ml,0.16×100 μg/ml)、-0.10(-0.31,0.12)、7.25(7.17,7.40),腮腺恶性肿瘤分别为-1.13×100 μg/ml(-1.46×100 μg/ml,1.44×100 μg/ml)、1.01(-0.19,2.04)、7.17(7.13,7.48),两组间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。动脉期碘浓度、曲线斜率、有效原子序数的中位数及上、下四分位数,腮腺良性肿瘤分别为9.65×100 μg/ml(4.29×100 μg/ml,18.37×100 μg/ml)、0.69 (0.31,1.59)、7.89(7.71,9.15);腮腺恶性肿瘤分别为18.04×100 μg/ml(12.5×100 μg/ml,20.98×100 μg/ml)、1.56(1.29,2.65)、9.22(9.11,9.28),两组间差异有统计学意义(Z值分别为-3.273、-2.43、-3.01,P均<0.05);静脉期各参数差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。以动脉期碘浓度>18.90 μg/ml、曲线斜率>1.247、有效原子序数>9.05为阈值诊断腮腺恶性肿瘤的敏感度分别为91.7%、75.0%、91.7%,特异度分别为79.5%、71.8%、82.1%。结论 能谱CT增强扫描动脉期多参数成像对腮腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断具有一定价值。     

蝶形鼻贴联合桥式脸贴固定方法在脑卒中患者鼻胃管中的应用

目的：探讨脑卒中患者留置鼻胃管后改良式固定方法的护理效果。方法将116例符合标准的脑卒中留置鼻胃管的患者,按固定方法随机分为两组,观察组60例,对照组56例。对照组采用传统的胃管固定法,即采用普通胶布加一次性无菌敷料固定法;观察组采用蝶形鼻贴联合桥式脸贴改良固定法。观察比较两组患者胃管脱出率和皮肤受损率。结果观察组患者胃管脱出率、皮肤受损发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论蝶形鼻贴联合桥式脸贴改良固定胃管较传统固定法有较大优越性,胃管固定效果好、面部皮肤损伤发生率低,减少了不良事件的发生,提高了患者舒适满意度,减轻了护士的工作压力。     

脑供血动脉支架患者围手术期并发症的临床分析及对策

目的：分析脑血管支架手术相关并发症发生的原因并寻找对策。方法选择脑供血动脉支架置入术患者224例（248枚）。分析围手术期相关并发症的发生情况。结果224例脑血管支架患者出现并发症19例（8.2%）。其中死亡4例（1.8%）、轻度残疾2例（0.8%）、无后遗症13例（5.8%）。颅外动脉支架14枚,颅内动脉支架7枚。颅外支架并发症远高于颅内支架;颅内支架（42.8%）严重并发症高于颅外支架（7.1%）。合并糖尿病或高血压是支架术后并发症的危险因素。前4年和后4年的手术并发症发病率分别为11.7%、5.38%,差异有统计学意义。结论锁骨下动脉支架、椎动脉起始部支架是相对安全的手术;颅内动脉支架、颈内动脉起始部支架风险性较高。严格的手术适应证及禁忌证、临床医师的操作技术与经验是影响脑动脉支架并发症发生的重要因素。     

Sex- and tissue-specific methylome changes in brains of mice perinatally exposed to lead

Changes in DNA methylation and subsequent changes in gene expression regulation are the hallmarks of age- and tissue-dependent epigenetic drift and plasticity resulting from the combinatorial integration of genetic determinants and environmental cues. To determine whether perinatal lead exposure caused persistent DNA methylation changes in target tissues, we exposed mouse dams to 0, 3 or 30 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for a period extending from 2 months prior to mating, through gestation, until weaning of pups at postnatal day-21, and analyzed whole-genome DNA methylation in brain cortex and hippocampus of 2-month old exposed and unexposed progeny. Lead exposure resulted in hypermethylation of three differentially methylated regions in the hippocampus of females, but not males. These regions mapped to Rn4.5s, Sfi1, and Rn45s loci in mouse chromosomes 2, 11 and 17, respectively. At a conservative fdr < 0.001, 1623 additional CpG sites were differentially methylated in female hippocampus, corresponding to 117 unique genes. Sixty of these genes were tested for mRNA expression and showed a trend toward negative correlation between mRNA expression and methylation in exposed females but not males. No statistically significant methylome changes were detected in male hippocampus or in cortex of either sex. We conclude that exposure to lead during embryonic life, a time when the organism is most sensitive to environmental cues, appears to have a sex- and tissue-specific effect on DNA methylation that may produce pathological or physiological deviations from the epigenetic plasticity operative in unexposed mice.     

Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease: Expanding views

Advances in molecular and structural and functional neuroimaging are rapidly expanding the complexity of neurobiological understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review article begins with an introduction to PD neurobiology as a foundation for interpreting neuroimaging findings that may further lead to more integrated and comprehensive understanding of PD. Diverse areas of PD neuroimaging are then reviewed and summarized, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, transcranial sonography, magnetoencephalography, and multimodal imaging, with focus on human studies published over the last five years. These included studies on differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, genetic and prodromal PD, and treatments from l-DOPA to brain stimulation approaches, transplantation and gene therapies. Overall, neuroimaging has shown that PD is a neurodegenerative disorder involving many neurotransmitters, brain regions, structural and functional connections, and neurocognitive systems. A broad neurobiological understanding of PD will be essential for translational efforts to develop better treatments and preventive strategies. Many questions remain and we conclude with some suggestions for future directions of neuroimaging of PD.     

The transsexual brain – A review of findings on the neural basis of transsexualism

Transsexualism describes the condition when a person's psychological gender differs from his or her biological sex and is commonly thought to arise from a discrepant cerebral and genital sexual differentiation. This review intends to give an extensive overview of structural and functional neurobiological correlates of transsexualism and their course under cross-sex hormonal treatment. Research in this field enables insight into the stability or variability of gender differences and their relation to hormonal status. For a number of sexually dimorphic brain structures or processes, signs of feminisation or masculinisation are observable in transsexual individuals, which, during hormonal treatment, partly seem to further adjust to characteristics of the desired sex. Still, it appears the data are quite inhomogeneous, mostly not replicated and in many cases available for male-to-female transsexuals only. As the prevalence of homosexuality is markedly higher among transsexuals than among the general population, disentangling correlates of sexual orientation and gender identity is a major problem. To resolve such deficiencies, the implementation of specific research standards is proposed.     

无创正压通气辅助治疗儿童慢性肺病的研究进展北大核心CSCD

无创正压通气(NPPV)无需建立有创人工气道,可减少有创通气并发症,减轻患儿痛苦,成为一项逐渐被临床接受的辅助通气技术。目前,儿童慢性肺病在临床病例中逐渐增多,包括支气管肺发育不良、支气管哮喘等,严重影响患儿生长发育及生活质量。随着医学技术的发展,NPPV治疗儿童慢性肺病的使用率逐渐增高,现就NPPV治疗各种儿童慢性肺病的主要模式、不良反应及依从性的研究现状作一综述。